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Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback into a New Vision of Social Justice, by Lani Guinier
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In 1993, shortly after his inauguration, new President Bill Clinton nominated his old friend and classmate Lani Guinier to the prestigious and crucial post of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights.
That nomination sparked an immediate firestorm of criticism from the right, labeling Professor Guinier the "Quota Queen" and assailing her for the ideas expressed in her publications, most of which her opponents had not read, or had taken out of context and misunderstood.
In the face of this concerted opposition -- what one friend of Guinier's called "a low-tech lynching" -- Clinton backed down, not only withdrawing her nomination, but having refused throughout to give her an opportunity to speak out in her own defense (and his). The result was a civil rights setback of monumental proportions.
Now, in this remarkable and important book, at once a memoir and insider's account of what really happened behind the closed doors of the Oval Office, the Justice Department, and the U.S. Senate, and an insightful look at the past, present, and future of civil rights in America, Lani Guinier at last breaks her silence.
Unsparing of her own mistakes and shrewdly perceptive about the overt and hidden agendas of those who opposed her, Professor Guinier shows how the president promptly abandoned his ambitious agenda for civil rights at the first hint of criticism from the media and Congress -- and how the civil rights movement suffered a major setback as a result.
More important, this book, in Professor Guinier's own words, is about "the battles fought in the belief that our racial history and our commitment to equality and democracy are essential parts of the same story. It has not always been a pretty story, nor one that follows an inevitable path.
"This book is not, however, an effort to settle scores. It's a story of the efforts of men and women who believe fundamentally in the promise of the American creed and who act on that belief in their everyday lives.
- Sales Rank: #2013603 in Books
- Published on: 2003-03-07
- Released on: 2003-03-07
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .90" w x 6.00" l, 1.11 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 336 pages
Amazon.com Review
When Bill Clinton nominated University of Pennsylvania Law School Professor Lani Guinier to the position of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights in 1993, she was immediately beset upon by right-wing critics of the president. Taking her writings on cumulative and proportional voting out of context, they branded her a "quota queen." Guinier, on instructions from administration officials, made almost no effort to defend herself against this public smearing of her work and reputation. Then, to her surprise, Clinton himself withdrew her nomination, stating in a press conference that her views were "undemocratic."
The Tyranny of the Majority reprinted the articles that were the source of this controversy. Now, in Lift Every Voice, Professor Guinier explains the principles underlying those writings in layman's terms and offers her personal perspective on what happened in the spring and summer of 1993, taking us behind the scenes to meetings with Clinton, Attorney General Janet Reno, and other Washington officials. But perhaps more importantly, she writes about how, after she was cut loose by an intimidated White House, she regained her confidence in the civil rights movement. Recalling the activism of ordinary people like her father and the clients she represented as a lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Guinier reminds us that a better society cannot be built by governmental edict alone, but requires commitment on the part of the citizenry. A recent book on mathematics, K.C. Cole's The Universe and the Teacup, vindicated Guinier's theories on proportional representation at the statistical level. The debate sparked by Lift Every Voice may, in the long run, end up vindicating her at the political level as well.
From Library Journal
Guinier on why she lost the nomination for assistant attorney general.
Copyright 1997 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Booklist
The more things change . . . In 1997, the Senate Judiciary Committee refused to send the nomination of Bill Lann Lee as assistant attorney general for civil rights to the floor for a vote; four years earlier, Guinier's nomination for the same post was withdrawn by the White House in the face of a similar attack from the Right distorting the University of Pennsylvania law professor's views (plus the reluctance of the Democratic-controlled judiciary panel to hold a hearing). Lift Every Voice tells a number of stories. In the section titled "Trials," Guinier offers recollections of the several months in 1993 when she was a lightning rod, portrayed as a "quota queen" by foes and theoretically dispassionate observers who did not bother to read the articles used to discredit her; in "Bridges," she surveys civil rights history and the litigation and legislative work that affected the evolution of her concepts; and in "Hearings," she explains those ideas as ways of "breathing new life into American democracy." Guinier criticizes the Clinton administration's handling of her nomination but avoids whining; painful experience leads her to challenge the insider approach of major civil rights organizations as well as politicians. In the end, Guinier defines democracy and citizenship more broadly than her enemies (and some of her friends); those definitions deserve serious debate. Mary Carroll
Most helpful customer reviews
10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Visionary, Hopeful, Stragetic: Mandatory Reading
By A Customer
Professor Guinier has seen beyond the veil which seems to have fallen over the civil rights movement for the past thirty years. Guinier uses the story of her dis-appointment (her phrase) by the Clinton Administration to expose the inner workings of the political system and clarify her views. In so doing, she lays out a strategy that is simple, obvious, and doable. While so many "leaders" have been busy listening to one another, Guinier has been able to hear a still, small, powerful voice. This book is a must read for anyone who cares about democracy.
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent look at post-Selma Civil Rights in America.
By Michael S. Ameigh
This book is an fine discourse on what America has - or should have - learned about the search for social justice in the quarter century since the Civil Rights marches of the 1960s. Lani Guinier is best known for her ill-fated candidacy to become the first African American and female Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. She provides a spell-binding blow by blow account of what it was like to be nominated, then cast aside in the political jockeying that followed the 1992 election of Bill Clinton to the presidency. It is a poignant tale of how ordinary people on the fringes of her battle to get a hearing in Congress stepped in to insure that she never lost her sense of professionalism, her commitment to the truth, or her right to be treated with dignity. Her ideas on reforming voting procedures, the very ones that foiled her nomination in Congress, are well worth reading, and clearly worth implementing in an age of voter apathy and political gerymandering. The theme is broader, however, and in this book she demonstrates how thoroughly she has paid her dues over the years laboring for justice in America. As a civil rights lawyer in the 70s and 80s she went back to Alabama, Mississippi, Texas and other southern states to pick up where the civil rights movement of the 60s left off. Her talent for getting people to listen to the messages embodied in unfamiliar language and cultural expression is a gift to us all. Her story is full of important new insights into the nature of cross-cultural communication. She proclaims from her own experiences a critical need for wide-open discussion of social issues. Lawyers, she asserts, cannot win civil rights cases without the active participation of the public, and she calls for a return to grass-roots activism as a means to achieving social justice. Guinier is superbly analytical, a true listener, and a fine writer.
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Required reading for all civil rights scholars
By John Wildgen (jkwpo@uno.edu)
Bill Clinton nominated Lani Guinier to the post of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights in 1993. The move generated a media firestorm and Clinton left Guinier to twist, twist slowly in the wind, only to cut her down before she could face hearings by the Senate Judiciary Committee. This was a bitter disappointment for Guinier, and it makes her a marked contrast to 1997's Black Female Ivy League Lawyer of the moment, Anita Hill, whose memoir, Speaking Truth to Power, chronicled her Senate Confirmation saga. Her hope was to stop Clarence Thomas' nomination with behind-the-scenes revelations. Hill saw her appearance before the Senate as a failure. Guinier on her part, wanted desperately to appear before the Senate. Lift Every Voice is, in some senses a companion to her Tyranny of the Majority -- a collection of the law journal writings that got her into trouble. In the early 90s her work may not have been "mainstream." It is now, and she is mandatory reading for students of the civil rights movement.
Lift Every Voice is divided into three parts. The book begins with her "Trials" a first-person account of the indignities she suffered during the confirmation process, her betrayal by the White House, and testimonials to the loyal friends and admirers who stood by her. Guinier may not be a Grisham or Drury, but her accounts of maneuvers, meetings, deceits, and betrayals makes for a good read. But there is still a core mystery. It almost seems that Clinton, from the beginning, fed Guinier to the wolves. Guinier falls back, maybe too often, in recounting this tale on the device of comparing herself to Alice in Wonderland. This saves her from having to state what seems inescapable: Clinton set her up.
The second section, subtitled "Bridges" relies on her history as a litigator to work on "storytelling" -- a favored methodology among critical race theorists. One of the points of her stories is the notion of developing a "communal 'we' who ! [seek] to gain power by harnessing their individual voting right to a community agenda." This communal consciousness is a key ingredient in Guinier's ideology of race consciousness, hostility to "color blind" policies, and her justification for affirmative action.
Another point of her stories is role definition for lawyers in the civil rights movement. Like Lenin, who had to somehow justify a member of the Russian minor nobility at the helm of the Russian Social Democratic Party, Guinier needs to square a circle and find a comfortable way to incorporate herself, and some of her middle-class origin friends like Penda Hair and Pam Karlan, into a movement for the politically dispossessed. Guinier's solution is to use the term "Bridge People" -- shepherds of the disenfranchised -- analogous to Lenin's crisper concept "Vanguard of the Proletariat." Like Lenin too, she takes plenty of time to excoriate agents of the bourgeoisie, such as bridge-sapper Tim Humphries, an Arkansas assistant attorney general. Guinier scorches Humphries, whose delta-drawl, John Denver looks, and country-slicker cunning simply outwitted and outmaneuvered Guinier. She seems still cross from her defeat at the hands of a Southern, white, male, non ivy-leaguer. Guinier even takes Humphries to task for making her come to New Orleans for a deposition at Mardi Gras, as though this golden opportunity were some sort of sinister imposition.
The third part of Lift Every Voice is entitled "Hearings" and it, too, has two major themes. The first is an exposition of her view of democracy and election systems. It is clear that Guinier, like some blacks, and all intellectuals in the movement, feels that the American electoral system totally deprives losers of representation. She sees all districting as gerrymandering. Her cure is proportional representation, which promises, she claims, more representation for minorities and higher levels of turnout as a bonus. She argues that ! the U.S. should follow the lead of South Africa in adopting PR.
The reintroduction of PR to France has provided an electoral superhighway for the racist National Front, and PR-using Switzerland has low turnout like the U.S. No panacea, PR is just high-tech gerrymandering, which manipulates not only district borders, but also the number of seats per district, the role of parties, and the votes-to-seats formula. So, PR can fine tune results with more predictability than mere boundary fiddling U.S. style. That is why her favorite gerrymandering tool is cumulative voting with small district magnitudes. This will, given U.S. demographics, greatly favor blacks at the expense of the more dispersed Hispanics. Cumulative voting, which she calls semi-proportional, operates like any electoral system, even single-member districts. All favor large, geographically concentrated minorities when the number of seats is small. Guinier's nostalgia for Illinois' 3-member districts would not help Hispanics as much as blacks.
Guinier's final call is for a national conversation on race. To some extent she has gotten her way, but certainly not the way she wanted it. In her law journal writings Guinier tended to use footnotes the way a squid uses ink. But in this testament, disciplined by the constraints of having to nuance her thoughts directly in the text, Guinier rises above lawyering and achieves a level of political theorizing devoid of small print. Consequently it is easy for any reader to have more faith in Guinier's seven talking-point agenda for a national conversation than in the Clinton administration's exclusivity-marred, politically correct and unsuccessful, attempts to engage the nation in such a discussion. Guinier wants, in point six of her agenda to involve "both the so-called victims and the presumed beneficiaries of racism." What this means is that she will have to be willing to talk to Tim Humphries. I can't wait.
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