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Copies in Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg--Chester Carls
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A lone inventor and the story of how one of the most revolutionary inventions of the twentieth century almost didn't happen.
Introduced in 1960, the first plain-paper office copier is unusual among major high-technology inventions in that its central process was conceived by a single person. Chester Carlson grew up in unspeakable poverty, worked his way through junior college and the California Institute of Technology, and made his discovery in solitude in the depths of the Great Depression. He offered his big idea to two dozen major corporations -- among them IBM, RCA, and General Electric -- all of which turned him down. So persistent was this failure of capitalistic vision that by the time the Xerox 914 was manufactured, by an obscure photographic-supply company in Rochester, New York, Carlson's original patent had expired.
Xerography was so unusual and nonintuitive that it conceivably could have been overlooked entirely. Scientists who visited the drafty warehouses where the first machines were built sometimes doubted that Carlson's invention was even theoretically feasible. Building the first plain-paper office copier -- with parts scrounged from junkyards, cleaning brushes made of hand-sewn rabbit fur, and a built-in fire extinguisher -- required the persistence, courage, and imagination of an extraordinary group of physicists, engineers, and corporate executives whose story has never before been fully told.
Copies in Seconds is a tale of corporate innovation and risk-taking at its very best.
- Sales Rank: #144455 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Simon n Schuster
- Published on: 2004-08-03
- Format: Deckle Edge
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.44" h x 1.00" w x 5.63" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 320 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From Publishers Weekly
As New Yorker staff writer Owen explains in this fast-paced account of one inventor's hopes and dreams, the technology of copying is a relatively modern phenomenon. He recounts the history of copying documents from the scribal work of monks to the invention of the printing press and lithography, to the process that eventually resulted in today's Xerox machine. Owen narrates the life story of the man behind the Xerox machine, Chester Carlson (1906–1968), and his lonely efforts to find a way to reproduce documents. An inventive soul from a young age, Carlson as a teenager sketched out concepts for a trick safety pin, a new type of lipstick and a disposable handkerchief made of soft paper. After he graduated from college, he went to work for Bell Laboratories and continued his inventive ways. When he finally landed on an electrostatic process that would act like both a printing press and a camera, he began to shop the concept around and the Xerox machine was born in the mid-'50s. Owen's sympathetic portrait of Carlson's life and the difficulties and rewards inherent in the inventive process provide a window into the birth of one of our most ubiquitous office machines.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From The New Yorker
This history of the Xerox copier starts with its inventor, a Caltech graduate named Chester Carlson, who in 1938 made the first xerographic reproduction—a piece of waxed paper that read "10-22-38 Astoria." Xerography was difficult to perfect, requiring a coordinated ballet of paper-handling and electric charge, and it was more than twenty years before the first commercial copier, Model 914, went into production. An ungainly machine, it imparted electric shocks and used rabbit fur as a key part, but it solved a centuries-old problem—making document reproduction possible without a roomful of monks or a collection of foul-smelling chemicals. One-touch copying (and its evil twin, the paper jam) was born. Owen has a knack for explaining technical innovations in layman's terms, and he vividly conveys the magnitude of Xerox's coup: in 1961, when a television ad showed a young girl making copies, a competitor demanded proof that she was not a midget.
Copyright © 2005 The New Yorker
From Booklist
The next time the copier jams, fill the downtime with Owen's interesting, informative history of the contraption and its inventor. He was Chester Carlson (1906-68), whose boyhood of depressing destitution was brightened by science teachers who took seriously his dream to invent something marvelous. In the late 1930s, Carlson worked by day as a patent lawyer and by night and weekends on the problem of duplicating documents, the historical lineage of which, from scriptorium to mimeograph machine, opens Owen's work. The narrative then cascades from Carlson's light-bulb moment when he read a technical article on light's electrical effect on certain metals to his and an associate's fabrication in 1938 of a rudimentary process of xerography (from the Greek for "dry writing"). Owen then recounts Carlson's course through the next gauntlet every inventor faces: convincing a business to develop his gadget, in this instance, a two-decade-long ordeal that culminated in the Xerox Corporation. While sensitively portraying Carlson's self-effacing personality, Owen entertainingly presents the surprising story behind an indispensable technology. Gilbert Taylor
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Copies in Seconds by David Owen
By Roger L. Brunel
Years ago I worked for the company (Battelle Memorial Institute)that sponsored Carl Chesterson's research on the xerography process which ultimately led to the development of the Xerox copying machine. Interested in the what the author had to say about the inventor and the details of the development process, I checked the book out of our local library and enjoyed it immensely. And because we have grandchildren who show promise of becoming inventors, we ordered 2 of the books from Amazon.com and are planning to hand them out as Christmas gifts. I'd recommend the book to any "have been inventors" and "would be inventors" to experience the failures and successes Chesterson encountered during his lifetime quest to develop the xerography process.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Absolutely fascinating.
By Missouri shopper
I found it hard to put this book down. Owen does a remarkable job of making us live with Carlson the many trials involved in turning an idea into a practical product. Xerox is a much written about corporation but this account is unique, extraordinary, and painstakingly researched. One can only marvel still at Chester Carlson's genius. I was amazed to discover, for instance, that the workings of 2001's whizzy Xerox Docu-Color iGen3 were accurately described in Carlton's second electrophotography patent-which he filed on April 4, 1939. Read this book and you will never look at your copier in quite the same take-it-for-granted way.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Applying Hertz and Einstein
By S. ragno
The idea behind the xerography applies what Hertz and Einstein discovered and studied: the photoelectric effect.
The book is well written and has the right mix of technology,trivia and history to keep the reader interested and absorbed.
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